Changing Fatherhood Roles in Working-Class Families

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Yamini Arul

Independent Researcher

Woraiyur, Tiruchirappalli, India (IN) – 620003

Abstract— Contemporary shifts in economic structures, gender norms, and family dynamics have catalyzed significant transformations in the roles fathers play within working-class households. This manuscript explores the evolving nature of fatherhood in working-class families, drawing upon sociological theory, national survey data, and in-depth interviews with 50 fathers across urban and semi-urban Indian contexts. Beginning with an overview of traditional models of paternal identity, the literature review examines how historical, economic, and cultural factors shaped responsibilities within the home. The methodology employs a convergent mixed-methods design, integrating quantitative analyses of time-use and regression predictors with qualitative thematic analysis to capture both breadth and depth of lived experiences.

Results indicate a marked increase in fathers’ engagement in direct childcare activities and emotional labor, alongside continued challenges of workplace inflexibility, persistent masculine norms, and economic precarity. The conclusion synthesizes these findings into actionable recommendations, advocating for paid parental leave, flexible work arrangements, and community-based fatherhood programs. Finally, the social relevance section discusses implications for child development, gender equality, family well-being, and broader societal resilience, emphasizing that supporting active fatherhood in working-class communities yields benefits that extend well beyond individual households.

Keywords— fatherhood roles, working-class families, gender norms, paternal involvement, socioeconomic change

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