Atomization of Liquid Jets for Cooling

Onkar Ravindra Patil¹& Vikhyat Gupta²

¹University of Washington
Seattle, WA, USA

² Chandigarh University

Punjab, India

Abstract— Atomization of liquid jets has gained significant attention as an efficient cooling method across various industrial and engineering applications. The process involves breaking a liquid stream into fine droplets, increasing the surface area available for heat transfer and enhancing cooling efficiency. Key factors influencing atomization include liquid properties such as viscosity and surface tension, nozzle design, jet velocity, and environmental conditions like ambient pressure and temperature. Recent advancements in nozzle design, such as conical and hybrid atomizers, have enabled the generation of ultra-fine droplets, optimizing cooling performance. The dynamics of liquid jet breakup, influenced by phenomena like Rayleigh-Taylor and Kelvin-Helmholtz instabilities, have been extensively studied through experimental, numerical, and theoretical approaches. Innovations in numerical simulations, including Volume of Fluid (VOF) methods and machine learning algorithms, have provided deeper insights into droplet size distribution and cooling behavior under varying operational conditions. Applications of atomized liquid jets span high-temperature cooling of industrial machinery, electronics, and delicate components such as semiconductors, demonstrating their versatility. Research between 2015 and 2024 highlights the growing role of ambient factors, crossflow configurations, and jet impingement techniques in optimizing cooling systems. Supersonic jets and shockwave-induced breakup mechanisms have further enhanced cooling capabilities under extreme conditions. These advancements underscore the potential of atomization in designing energy-efficient and high-performance cooling systems, paving the way for innovations in modern cooling technologies.

Keywords— Liquid jet atomization, cooling systems, droplet breakup, heat transfer, nozzle design, fluid properties, crossflow configurations, numerical simulations, machine learning, supersonic jets, energy-efficient cooling.

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